Different Types of Auxiliaries and Ingredients Used in Textiles

Here is some Textile Auxiliaries which are frequently used in Textile for Different purposes.

Anionic Surfactant of Textile:
These are basically Sulphonated Fatty Amide or Alkail Arail Sulphonate compounds. It is used as a strong detergent for scouring of cotton, silk fabrics.

Nonionic Surfactant:
These are basically an Ithailin Oxide Condensate detergent which is nonionic and are used to scouring, wetting, dispersing, emulsification, dust removal materials of Textiles.

Leveling Agent:
Leveling Agent is Ethyline Oxide Condensate, which is nonionic and is used as excellent leveling agent in almost all kinds of textile dye.

Printing Assistance:
Printing goods of Aromatic Nitro Compound which are familiar as named of Resist Salt. It is used as low oxidizing agent. It is widely used in scouring, dyeing, printing, mercerizing.

Mercerizing Agents:
It is free from Cresol and considered as strong wetting agent, assistance of mercerizing action as well.

Non-ionic Emulsifier:
Non-ionic Emulsifier is widely used in the time of printing while the emulsion thickener is used and can mix up well with mineral oil of water, fat, tarpaulin, kerosene, benzene, toweling etc.

TR Oil:
It is anionic and a sulphonated goods of vegetable oil which is marketed as crystal golden solution.

Silicon Emulsion:
Silicon Emulsion is used in fabric due to make the fabric anti-wetting characteristics.

Hydro-phobic Silicon Softener:
Hydro-phobic Silicon Softener is water soluble organic modified poly silicon. It is suitable for all kinds of fabric. Hydro-phobic silicon softener also used in the fabric process like dust removing, bringing smoothness, on the fabric.

Cat-ionic Softener:
Cat-ionic softener is derived from alpha ammonium compound and used to increase the flexibility of the fabric surface.

Dispersing Agent:
Dispersing Agent is special surfactant goods. Dispersing agent is used in case of Polyester Dyeing by disperse dye as dispersion leveling agent.

De-foaming Agent:
De-foaming agent is used in textile as anti foaming agent which protects the foam to be formed during dyeing.

Hydrogen per Oxide Stabilizaring:
Hydrogen per oxide stabilizer is used in per oxide bleaching to maintain the PH 10.5 to 11.8.

Dye Fixing Agent:
Specially it is used in Direct and Reactive Color to fix the components on the surface of the fabric properly.

 

 

Rules & Condition of Bangladeshi Textile Mills/Factory

Every organization has some regulations. As like as other organizations textile mills have some rules for workers and officers. In Bangladesh, visiting different Textile Mills it is found that a very few of the industry are conscious about the environmental policies, working environment, remuneration, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) etc. It is hopeful news that some of the industries are implementing the facts now. Now let ourselves to know the fact what should have the industries.

Textile Industry in Bangladesh

1. A Textile Mill should have the basic salary structure for the workers and employee that are decent for them.
2. They should have the Medical Facility for the workers and employee.
3. They should have the working environment where the workers feel ease to work.
4. High temperature (no need in production) should be controlled in every Textile Mills.
5. Effluent Transfer Plant should be constituted to neutralize the toxic chemical mixed water and dyestuffs.
6. Good and easy arrangement for Emergency Exit.
7. Ensuring the stability of the job.
8. Quietly stopping the Labour Violence

History of the Textiles Industry in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, the Textile Industry has a long history of many centuries and has been seen as the part of an economy of undivided India and later on of Pakistan.

Traditionally, artisans working in small groups, in what are often referred to as cottage industries, produced most of the textile in the sub-continent. There were many such artisans in the area that was to become Bangladesh. In fact, from prehistoric times until the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century, East Bengal was self-sufficient in textiles. Its people produced Muslin, Jamdani, and various cotton and silk fabrics. These were all well regarded even beyond the region as they were manufactured by very skilled craftsmen.

The material produced by the artisans of Bengal started facing vigorous competition beginning in the eighteenth century after the growth of mechanized textile mills in the English Midlands. This eventually led to a great decline in the number of Bengali workers skilled enough to produce such high quality fabrics. According to popularly held beliefs, as the region’s spinners and weavers meant competition for their emerging textile industry, the British imperialists responded by trying to force the artisans to stop production. They were said to have sometimes used methods as harsh as cutting off the thumbs of the craftsmen so they would never be able to spin or weave again.

Not only were huge amounts of fabric produced in Bengal, the area was also a prime producer of the indigo plant, from which the indigo dye was extracted. This natural dye was widely used before the advent of chemical dyes in the nineteenth century. In fact, the rich blue color provided by the dye is still sometimes used for dyeing denim. Bengali dye masters had special recipes for producing the desired colors, just as chefs have recipes for achieving desired flavors. However, as was the case with the traditional handloom fabrics, indigo dye production also gradually declined.

The problems of the indigo industry were principally a result of two factors. First, because indigo was a cash crop, the British administrators in this part of the empire forced farmers to grow the indigo plant in order to increase the administrators’ profits. Unfortunately, the indigo plant is nitrogen depleting and thus exhausted the soil very quickly. The farmers received little real income from the crop since the British kept most of the profits, and in times of economic hardship, such as when the indigo price fell, they were unable to survive by eating their produce, unlike farmers who grew staples such as rice or wheat.

Another reason for indigo’s gradual disappearance as a dye stuff was the unpredictable nature of the plant. Sometimes one farmer would have a good harvest, while his neighbor would not be able to produce anything. The combination of poor yields and the unpredictability of the crop gradually led farmers to cease growing the plant and moving on to other, more profitable crops.

The fabric produced and dyed in British factories flooded the Indian markets. In time, its importation became one of the points of contention in the growing Independence Movement of the Sub-Continent. As separation from Great Britain was becoming a foreseeable reality and local production again profitable, the textile industry was reorganized as new methods of production were adopted. Water, a necessity for the chemical processes involved in processing the modern dyes now used, was abundant in East Bengal. This contributed to the establishment of mechanized textile factories in the area.

However, after 1947 and the partition of East and West Pakistan from India, most of the capital and resources of Pakistan came under the control of West Pakistanis. The textile industry thus stagnated in East Pakistan as momentum for development shifted from the eastern part of the country to the west. The west also grew more cotton than the east, which was used as a plea for developing the industry in the west instead of in the east. The majority of all industries in the east were also owned by West Pakistani industrialists.

When Bangladesh gained its independence from Pakistan in 1971, the new government nationalized the textile industry, as it did with many other businesses in which West Pakistanis had been the principal owners. Although there were some Bangladeshi industrialists, they did not form a large or politically powerful group and thus had to surrender control of their factories to the government as well. All of the country’s textile factories were then nationalized and organized under the Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation, or BTMC.

The industry remained under the control of the BTMC until 1982-83. Bureaucratic obstacles combined with other problems such as low productivity in the labor force, lack of planning, indiscipline, lack of accountability, and poor machine maintenance and operation resulted in a lack of profits.

The government thus gradually denationalized the production of textiles. Factories were privatized, beginning with the dyeing and weaving units. Since that time, much of the industry has been privatized through auctions and other means.

The textile industry has been the catalyst for industrialization in numerous countries. For example, in England, the Industrial Revolution with the new development in coal and steel led to the establishment of a mass textile industry, which catalyzed the industrialization process in the eighteenth century. Similarly textiles played a major role in the industrialization of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Indonesia. The same has been true to a certain degree in this country. After privatization, the quality of the fabrics produced improved significantly, leading to a great increase in the demand for Bangladeshi textiles in both the international market, as well as the export oriented garment industry of Bangladesh. This launched the industry into a period of rapid growth that is continuing at present. 

 

 

Comparison Between CAD Marker Making & Manual Marker Making

1. In manual system the system is used to make maker for garment making is traditional. But in CAD system marker making is done in modern system.

2. Marker efficiencies is not visible in manual system. Other hand, marker efficiency is visible in CAD system.

3. Marker length is not visible in manual system. Marker length is visible in monitor screen at CAD system.

4. In manual, once marker is made, not possible to increase its efficiency. But in CAD it is possible to increase the efficiency at any time.

5. Marker copying is not possible manually. In CAD, by using Plotter as much as possible copy can be done.

6. Manual marker making is very time consuming method whereas, CAD is a faster method.

7. In manual system quality can not be assured. It has quality assurance.

8. Manual system costing is low but CAD is expensive.

Band Knife Cutting Machine | Features of Band Knife Machines

Band Knife Cutting Machine:

Band knife cutting machine is a primary device equipment in garment and knitting etc industries.It could accurately cut the pattern of fabrics. This machine is with special blower decreases resistance between fabrics and table,which enables the fabrics be moved easily and be cut precisely.And it could adjustable speed to fit different fabrics. “A” type of MAX series band knife cutting machine is air cushion type, while “B” type is drive type. 　

Band Knife Cutting Machine

Features of Band Knife Cutting Machine:

VARIABLE SPEED CONTROL ( INVERTER SYSTEM )
Knife speed is shown on the digital indicator and easily contorolled by INVERTER SYSTEM according to the type of material. Inverter Speed Control System provides smooth cutting at the high and low speed.

AIR FLOATING TABLE
Air Mats is formed on the table to move cutting material lightly, smoothly and provides easy cutting without collapsing the pile of fabrics.

KNIFE COOLING SILICON PACK
Silicon Pack is easily removed and installed. It eliminates the fusion of chemical yarn and interlining cloth yarn.

EASY KNIFE EXCHANGE
A Black grip knob at the right of the knife cover provides easy knife installation and removal. Knife is loosened by turning the knob clockwise and tightened by turning counterclockwise.

AUTOMATIC SHARPNING SYSTEM
Originally designed Automatic Sharpening Device is equipped. Various grits of sharpening stone are available according to the material.

CARRYING CASTER
Carrying Caster is equipped for easy removal to meet the requirement of relocation.

Introduction of Flax and Hemp | Difference Between Flax and Hemp Fibers

Flax & Hemp:

Flax (in fibre form) is practically undifferentiated from hemp, which threatens possible confusion with the latter, which is considerably different in price. Flax and hemp are cellulose fibres produced from stocks of row material. Their properties are similar and they are scarcely differentiated at the fibre form. Analytical differentiation is complicated by strong interventions into these fibres during the textile treatment, which is similar in both flax and hemp: the fibres are separated, blanched, and undesirable additions are removed.

Flax                                                             Hemp

These operations are connected with the change of average chemical composition of fibre material, e.g. the concentration of lignin decreases, the portion of low molecular celluloses decreases and the macromolecules of cellulose are abbreviated. There is also a wide variance in fiber characteristics at wide intervals, e.g. the specific strength of fibres and the length of fibre fluctuations.

Difference Between Flax and Hemp
Differentiating flax and hemp is a long-time analytical problem, which is becoming more and more relevant with the wider loading of bast fibres. Flax and hemp are very similar fibres in all aspects, and their differentiation is often controversial. In this work, the literature is researched for the classic methods of differentiating these two types of fibres. Additionally, a further to twist discrimination methods (the twist test method and the method using polarised light) were analysed. The method most suitable for practical use was tested on a wide spectrum of fibres and compared with the usual methods.Review of analytical methods resulting of literature research .

Microscopic differentiation
The morphological characteristics mentioned in Table 1 can be used for microscopic differentiation of flax and hemp. The observation is mostly oriented towards the observation of the shapes of the fibre’s cross-sections and fibre ends at the longitudinal view. This method is time-consuming (requiring preparations to be prepared), the appreciation of the characteristics observed is rather subjective, and it also requires considerable experience. An advantage is the fact that the shape of the elementary fibres does not change during the processing.

Swelling test
Various morphological structures of flax and hemp are exhibited by the diverse extents of the swelling property of the fibres. in the cuoxam solution. The flax swells uniformly and relatively rapidly, the tube in the non-blanched fibre contracts in a serpentine fashion, and it resists the solvent. The hemp swells slowly; during this process the tube in the raw fibre often obtains a typical periodic-shape. The swelling of the flax and the hemp has been photographically documented by Koch [8] and Felix [9]. For observing fibres it is necessary to use the microscopic technique.

Dyeing tests
Hemp contains more lignin and non-cellulose portions than flax. On this basis, a group of tests has been prepared in which the dyestuff of the agent is e.g. sorbed only by the lignin part of the fibre, for example, or when the agent reacts with the non-cellulose parts of the fibre depending on the colour compound applied. Dyeing tests are especially applicable to raw fibres before eliminating non-cellulose substances from fibres (preliminary finish or otherwise); after their elimination, the fibres will not colour. The methods are easily executed, and their results are apparent by visual evaluation even without microscopic equipment.

Twist tests
Indirect method of determination of fibril slope in the flax and the hemp .

Flax and hemp have different orientations of fibril bundles in the fibre. Indirectly, this fact is verified by the opposing behaviour of flax and hemp in polarised light (as directed from above), and by the possibility of distinguishing the fibres by X-ray diffraction.

From the analytical aspect, the orientation of the fibrils at the hydration and dehydration of lamellas is important. During these processes, changes to the geometry characteristics of the fibril bundles occur. These changes are macroscopically expressed by the fibre’s effort to turn, and so eliminate the internal stress at the sorption (or desorption) of water. Sonntag used this method for the analytical distinction of flax and hemp.

The so-called ‘Twist test’ method for differentiating flax and hemp is founded on this basis, , the merit of which is the observation of the spontaneous twisting of the fibre as it dries. If a wet flax is held by one end and dried, then its free end, which is oriented towards the observer, will turn clockwise. Under the same conditions, hemp will turn round in the opposite direction. The direction of twisting is characteristic for both flax and hemp, whereas cotton fibres twist in various directions during this test. Ramie twists as flax. This process described in literature was modified according to the possibilities of our laboratory and is presented below.

Working Process of Roller Hank Dyeing Machines

Roller Hank Dyeing Machine:
These machines are based on Hussong type of hank dyeing machines in design .These machines are very simple in design and operation. In the basic design of machine there is rectangular SS tank with proper heating mechanism (either a heating coil or direct steam injection through a perforated steam pipe) and have a false bottom above the heating coil.

The tank is fitted with a temperature indicator and control sensor. There is an array of SS rollers/poles which are fitted on a suitable frame.

The rollers can rotate in clockwise or anticlockwise directions with the gears arrangement. The machine is fitted with a stop /start system to control the roller movement.

The hanks loaded on rollers can be lowered in the tank or lifted out by lifting or lowering the frame with the help of hydraulic system. The speed (RPM) of rollers can be varied by changing the gears and rotation cycles are controlled by timers which change the direction of movement of motors.

The dyeing vat have the filling and draining facility of dye liquor. The dyes and chemicals are added directly into the dye vat.

Roller Hank Dyeing Machine

Operation of the Machine:
The hanks to be dyed are loaded onto the rollers bars by avoiding overlapping of hanks, in lifted position. The dye bath is kept ready with proper liquor level ,and mixed homogenously ,preferably with an external circulation pump .The hanks are lowered into the dye bath and movement is started , approximately 40-50% part of the hanks remain the liquor and rest is exposed to atmosphere . The material is lifted up for addition of colors ,chemicals ,salt, alkali etc or for raising the temperature of dye bath(in case of direct steam injection). In case of indirect heating the dye bath temperature may be increased at set rate of heating ,but in case of direct heating the temperature rise is step by step. The sample may be drawn at the completion of dye cycle and checked for shade, without stopping the machine. All operations can be done in the same machine

hank dyeing

Roller hank dyeing machines

Advantages and disadvantages of Roller Hank Dyeing machines

1. Roller dyeing machines are simple in design and operation
2. Cost of the machine is not very high
3. Almost all type of dye classes such as direct, reactive, vat, naphthols, pigments, soluble vats can be applied to cotton ,mercerized cotton or rayon filaments.
4. All types of yarns can be processed such as cotton, mercerized cotton, viscose filament or even silk can be processed . The machines with simple modifications can be used to produce tie and dye effects in bigger lots particularly in cellulosic substrates.
5. The machine capacity depends upon the number of rollers ,which could be from 1 to even 10 rollers, and each roller can handle from 2 to 4 kg of yarn.
6. Only 40-50% of yarn takes part in dyeing and rest is exposed to atmosphere, therefore hydrosulphite consumption is high in these machines.
7. The machines are open type ,therefore maximum dyeing temperature is 95-98 0C .
8. The liquor ratio increases with heating in case of direct injection of steam.
9. Liqour ratio is high ,generally 1:15 to 1:20, therefore chemicals, steam and water consumption is comparatively high.
10. The yarn entanglements takes place during running which reduce the hank to cone winding efficiency.
11. Only limited automation is possible.
12. The dyeing is carried out under atmospheric pressure and there is no liquor pressure ,therefore the color penetration in hard twisted material is poor.

 

Computer Color Matching Systems ( CCMS ) | Functions and Advantages of Computer Color Matching Systems | Working Procedure of Computer Color Matching Systems (CCMS)

Computer Color Matching System (CCMS):

Computer Color Matching (CCM) is the instrumental color formulation based on recipe calculation using the spectrophotometric properties of dyestuff and fibers.

Computer color matching

The basic three things are important in CCMS: 

1. Color measurement Instrument (Spectrophotometers).
2. Reflectance (R%) from a mixture of Dyes or Pigments applied in a specific way.
3. Optical model of color vision to closeness of the color matching (CIE L*A*B).

Functions of Computer Color Matching System:

The following works can be done by using CCMS -

1. Color match prediction.
2. Color difference calculation.
3. Determine metamerism.
4. Pass/Fail option.
5. Color fastness rating.
6. Cost Comparison.
7. Strength evaluation of dyes.
8. Whiteness indices.
9. Reflectance curve and K/S curve.
10. Production of Shade library.
11. Color strength

1. Color Match Prediction: 

The main function of CCMS is to predict the color of a sample. In lab dip section it is necessary to match the shade of the sample. CCMS makes it easy to match the shade quickly. It also makes easy the work of a textile engineer who is responsible for it.

2. Color Difference Calculation: 

We know that; when a sample is put in sample holder of a spectophotometer it analyzes the color of the sample. It also calculates the color difference of the sample and dyed sample which is dyed according to the recipe of the CCMS.

3. Determine Metamerism: 

CCMS also show the metamarism of the sample color.

4. Pass / Fail option: 

The sample which is dyed according to the recipe of the CCMS is it matches with the buyers sample that could be calculate by this system. If the dyed sample fulfill the requirements then CCMS gives pass decision and if can’t then it gives fail decision. So, pass-fail can be decided by CCMS.

5. Color Fastness Rating: 

Color fastness can be calculates by CCMS. There is different color fastness rating (1-5/1-8). CCMS analyze the color fastness and gives result.

6. Cost Comparison: 

Cost of the produced sample can be compare with others. It also helps to choose the right dyes for dyeing.

7. Strength Evaluation of Dyes: 

It is important to evaluate the strength of the dyes which will be used for production. All of the dyes have not same strength. Dyes strength effects the concentration of dyes which will be used for dyeing.

8. Whiteness Indices: 

Whiteness Indices also maintained in CCMS.

9. Reflectance Curve and K/S Curve: 

Reflectance curve also formed for specific shade by which we can determine the reflection capability of that shade.

10. Production of Shade Library: 

Computer color matching system also store the recipe of the dyeing for specific shade. This shade library helps to find out the different documents against that shade. It is done both for the shade of sample and bulk dyed sample.

11. Color Strength: 

Computer color matching system also determine the color strength of the sample.

Working Procedure of Computer Color Matching Systems ( CCMS ):

The working procedure of CCMS which is used for dyeing lab to match the shade of the products. Generally buyer gives a fabric sample swatch or Panton number of a specific shade to the producer. Producer gives the fabric sample to lab dip development department to match the shade of the fabric. After getting the sample they analyze the color of the sample manually. In the other hand they can take help from the computer color matching system.

At first it needs to fit the sample to the spectrophotometer which analyzes the depth of the shade and it shows the results of the color depth. At the same time it needs to determine the color combination by which you want to dye the fabric. Then it will generate some dyeing recipe which is nearly same. Here it needs to determine the amount of chemicals which you want to use during dyeing.

After formation of dyeing recipe it needs to dye the sample with stock solution. I think you are also familiar with stock solution. Then sample should dye according to the dyeing procedure. After finishing the sample dyeing it needs to compare the dyed sample with the buyer sample. For this reason dyed sample are entered to the spectrophotometer to compare the sample with the buyer sample.

Then CCMS gives the pass fail results. If the dyed sample match with the buyer sample than CCMS gives pass results. After that, dyed samples send to the customer or buyer. After getting the approval from the buyer producer goes for the bulk production.

If the dyed sample does not match with the buyer sample than the CCMS analyses the color difference and correct the recipe. Then another sample dyeing is carried out for matching the shade of the sample.

Advantages of Computer Color Matching System (CCMS) :
Computer Color Matching System (CCMS) has lots of great advantages in Textile Industry. See some examples below –

1. Customers get the exact shade wanted with his knowledge of degree of metamerism.
2. Customers often have a choice of 10-20 formulation that will match color. By taking costing, availability of dyes, and auxiliaries into account, one can choose a best swatch.
3. 3 to 300 times faster than manual color matching.
4. Limited range of stock color needed. 

 

Description of Beam Dyeing Machines

Beam Dyeing Machine:

A machine for dyeing yarns or fabrics that have been wound onto a special beam that has evenly perforated holes along its barrel. The dye is forced through the barrel into the yarn/fabric from inside to outside and vice versa. The beam dyeing machines may be capable of dyeing a single beam or to dye multiple beams. The fabric or yarn have better dyeing results because of there is no dimensional changes as well as there is no mechanical force applied to it. The high performance pumps circulate the dye liquor in efficient manner to achieve even dyeing results.

Working Principle of Beam Dyeing Machines
The working principle is same as that of HTHP yarn dyeing machines. The process of beam dyeing is as follows,

1. The fabric or yarn in open width is rolled on to a perforated beam.
2. The beam then subsequently inserted into a dyeing vessel.
3. The machine is closed and pressurized.
4. The dye liquor is circulated in to out and out to in directions , under pressure and temperature is employed as per the process requirement.
5. The chemicals and auxiliary are injected as per requirement of the process.

A Thies Beam Dyeing machine

A Thies Beam Winding Machine

Hank Dyeing Machines | Process Flow Chart of Hank Processing

Processing of Yarn in Hank Form:

Why hank dyeing?
Although package dyeing route is much simple and easy to follow for dyeing of different kinds of yarn,but still the hank route is popular for certain qualities, there are two reasons for this,

1.The quality and nature of the product does not allow to follow package route.
2.The package route is non practical and non economical.

Product Quality

Certain kinds of yarns which are so delicate that their physical properties such as strength appearance,texture and construction can not be retained while following the package route in which yarn is processed under stretched conditions at elevated temperatures. The examples of such products are natural silk, viscose rayon., voluminous yarns, High bulk acrylic , shrink resist treated wool and its blends. Cashmere ,its blends with wool and nylon ,nylon and hand knitting yarns of different fancy constructions.

Economy of Process
In case of mercerized cotton yarns , the yarn mercerizing is done in the hank form and material has to be neutralized before dyeing ,therefore it is not economical to convert these hanks to packages for dyeing.

Process sequence for yarn dyeing in hank form

1.Singeing(for mercerized cotton yarns)
2.Reeling
3.Mercerization (for mercerized cotton yarns)
4. Dyeing
5.Hydro extraction or squeezing
6.Drying
7.Hank to cone wiinding

Process Flow Chart of Hank Processing

Process Flow Chart of Hank processing

Process Flow Chart of Hank processing

Dyeing in Hank Form

Type of different Hank dyeing machines
1.Roller hank Dyeing machines
2.Cabinet Dyeing Machines
3.Spray Dyeing Machines
4.Vertical Kier Machines

Read Articles
Machinery For Optimum results in hank dyeing Click here

 

 

Introduction of Environment Management in Textile Industry

Environment Management System:
An Environment Management System (EMS) is a tool for managing the impacts of an organisation’s activities on the environment. It provides a structured approach to planning and implementing environment protection measures.

Environment Management in Textile Industry

Like a financial management system monitors expenditure and income and enables regular checks of a company’s financial performance, an EMS monitors environmental performance. An EMS integrates environmental management into a company’s daily operations, long term planning and other quality management systems.

Components of EMS
The most important component of an EMS is organizational commitment. For an effective EMS to be developed and implemented, you need commitment from the very top of the organization, as well as all staff. Further examples of components that should be considered when developing an EMS are:

• Environmental Policy
• Environmental Impact Identification
• Objectives and Targets
• Consultation
• Operational and Emergency Procedures
• Environmental Management Plan
• Documentation
• Responsibilities and Reporting Structure:
• Training
• Review Audits and Monitoring Compliance
• Continual Improvement

Benefits of an EMS
An EMS can assist a company in the following ways:

• minimize environmental liabilities;
• maximize the efficient use of resources;
• reduce waste;
• demonstrate a good corporate image;
• build awareness of environmental concern among employees;
• gain a better understanding of the environmental impacts of business activities; and
• increase profit, improving environmental performance, through more efficient operations.

Read more about Environmental Management Systems in Textile Industry

• Environmental Management Systems
• ISO 14000: environmental management: what is it? What is required? Other companys’ experiences …: An article from: Products Finishing
• Iso 14000 Environmental Management

 

Basic Mechanical Working Process of Sinker in Knitting Technology

The sinker is the second primary knitting element (the needle being the first). It is a thin metal plate with an individual or a collective action operating approximately at right angles from the hook side of the needle bed, between adjacent needles. It may perform one or more of the following functions, dependent upon the machine’s knitting action and consequent sinker shape and movement:

1. Loop formation
2. Holding-down
3. Knocking-over

On bearded needle weft knitting machines of the straight bar frame and sinkerwheel type (as on Lee’s hand frame), the main purpose of a sinker is to sink or kink the newly laid yarn into a loop (Fig. 1) as its forward edge or catch (C) advances between the two adjacent needles. On the bearded needle loopwheel frame, the blades of burr wheels perform this function, whereas on latch needle weft knitting machines (Fig. 2) and warp knitting machines (Fig. 3), loop formation is not a function of the sinkers.

Fig. 1 Action of the loop-forming sinker.

The second and more common function of sinkers on modern machines is to hold down the old loops at a lower level on the needle stems than the new loops that are being formed, and to prevent the old loops from being lifted as the needles rise to clear them from their hooks.

In Fig. 1, the protruding nib or nose of’ sinker (N) is positioned over the sinker loop of the old loop (O), preventing it from rising with the needle. On tricot warp knitting machines and single bed weft knitting machines, a slot or throat (T in Fig.2) is cut to hold and control the old loop.

Fig. 2 Action of the knock-over sinker.

The third function of the sinker – as a knock-over surface – is illustrated in  Fig. 2 where its upper surface or belly (B) supports the old loop (O) as the new loop (NL) is drawn through it. On tricot warp knitting machines the sinker belly is specially shaped to assist with landing as well as knock-over. On raschel warp knitting machines, many V-bed flats, and cylinder and dial circular machines, the verge or upper surface of the trick-plate serves as the knock-over surface. On some machines, the knock-over surface moves in opposition to the descent of the needle.

Fig. 3 Loop forming by warp guides.